Large File Support

^{Note, the following is largely based on comments by Glynn Clements on the GRASS-dev mailing list.}

The need

Standard C <stdio.h> file functions return file sizes as long integer. On 32-bit systems this overflows at 2 gigabytes. For support of files bigger than this, you need Large File Support (LFS). In GRASS GIS 6, this is only implemented in libgis (i.e. there is support for reading+writing raster maps, but not many import/export modules or vector functions have it). The situation is much better in GRASS GIS 7.

In GRASS, configure.in/configure have been updated to support --enable-largefile (based on code from "cdr-tools"). See ​configure.in (around line 1610).

The issues

The problem is that ftell() returns the result as a (signed) long. If the result won't fit into a long, it returns -1 (and sets errno to EOVERFLOW).

This can only happen if you also set _FILE_OFFSET_BITS to 64 so that fopen() is redirected to fopen64(), otherwise fopen() will simply refuse to open files larger than 2GiB (apparently, this isn't true on some versions of MacOSX, which open the file anyhow then fail on fseek/ftell once you've passed the 2GiB mark).

If you want to obtain the current offset for a file whose size exceeds the range of a signed long, you instead have to use the (non-ANSI) ftello() function, which returns the offset as an off_t.

To Do: Before we do that, we would need to add configure checks so that we don't try to use ftello() on systems which don't provide it.

There isn't a truly portable solution. Some platforms might not even have an integral type larger than 32 bits.

The most practicaly solution is to use ftello() if it's available. This will require some configure checks. These are simple enough to implement; it's the design which is problematic (as usual).

Unlike most HAVE_FOO checks, fseeko() isn't a simple have/don't-have check. Rather, it's usually a case that the function is available only when certain macros are defined (e.g. _LARGEFILE_SOURCE).

That gives rise to the question of what we check for, how we check for it, how we pass that information to the code, and how we use it.

The trick is deciding what to test, and what to indicate. Do we want to know:

1. Whether ftello() exists with the default CFLAGS/CPPFLAGS?

2. Whether ftello() exists with the default CFLAGS/CPPFLAGS plus a fixed selection of additional switches (e.g. -D_LARGEFILE_SOURCE)?

3. Whether ftello() exists with the default CFLAGS/CPPFLAGS plus a variable selection of additional switches (e.g. -D_LARGEFILE_SOURCE) with those switches being communicated via an additional variable?

The test would need to be:

#if defined(HAVE_FTELLO) && defined(HAVE_FSEEKO)

as you are using both of those.

Also, if the existence of FSEEKO/FTELLO is conditional upon certain macros (e.g. _LARGEFILE_SOURCE), you have to ensure that those macros are defined before the first inclusion of <stdio.h>, including any "hidden" inclusion from other headers, which essentially means that you have to ensure that the macros are defined before you include any other headers (except for <grass/config.h>).

Rather than try to come up with some infrastructure which allows us to use LFS in a piecemeal fashion, it would be preferable to clean up the GRASS code so that we can enable LFS globally. Then, we can just add:

-D_LARGEFILE_SOURCE -D_LARGEFILE64_SOURCE -D_FILE_OFFSET_BITS=64

to CPPFLAGS, and not have to worry about adding the necessary macros to individual files. Any HAVE_* checks then become simple have/don't-have checks.

My inclination would be to add:

extern off_t G_ftell(FILE *fp);
extern int G_fseek(FILE *stream, off_t offset, int whence);

These would be implemented using fseeko/ftello where available, and fseek/ftell otherwise. That eliminates the need to perform checks in individual source files. However, we would need to take care not to use them in code which can't handle large offsets (i.e. code which will truncate off_t values to int/long).

If you use -D_FILE_OFFSET_BITS=64, fopen() should be redirected to fopen64(). There are reports that the MacOSX fopen() is equivalent to fopen64() even without additional switches.

Coding LFS in GRASS GIS 6

Currently the --enable-largefile switch only enables LFS in libgis, not anywhere else.

[Although config.h includes definitions to enable LFS automatically, those definitions are currently inactive. This is probably a good thing; a lot of GRASS' code isn't LFS-aware, and explicit failure is preferable to silently corrupting data.]

To enable LFS elsewhere, you need to manually add -D_FILE_OFFSET_BITS=64 to the compilation flags. The simplest approach is to add to the module's Makefile:

ifneq ($(USE_LARGEFILES),)
       EXTRA_CFLAGS = -D_FILE_OFFSET_BITS=64
endif

and add include config.h before all other header files in the code.

#include <grass/config.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <grass/gis.h>
 ...

int versus off_t

You may as well just use off_t filesize unconditionally. An off_t will always be large enough to hold a "long".

If using off_t, be sure to add:

 #include <sys/types.h>

Issues related to import/export of maps

Some exporting/importing formats have their own intrinsic limitations, see for instance ​http://www.gdal.org/formats_list.html

GRASS GIS 6: LFS-safe libs and module list

• libgis

• r.in.arc
• r.in.ascii
• r.out.arc
• r.out.ascii
• r.proj.seg
• r.terraflow

GRASS GIS 6: LFS works in progress

• r.in.xyz
• r.terraflow (intregrate current LFS support into GRASS's --enable-largefile ./configure switch)
  (r.terraflow creates huge temporary files which can easily go over 2GB)

GRASS GIS 6: LFS wish list

High priority modules to get LFS

• r.in.*
• r.out.*
• GRASS GDAL plugin (??)
• v.surf.rst
• v.surf.idw(2)
• vector libs (limited by number of features)
• v.in.ascii -bt (without topology)
• DB libs

Coding LFS in GRASS GIS 7

• Already enabled for raster and vector libraries and modules, see ​http://trac.osgeo.org/grass/wiki/Grass7/NewFeatures

Q: Is xyz module (e.g. r.texture) supporting LFS?

A: Modules typically don't need to do anything regarding LFS; the support is in the libraries. The main issue which affects modules is that they shouldn't assume that cell counts will fit into an int or even a long. But even failing to do so won't have any effect upon I/O.

Details:

The most common way for the issue to arise is multiplying the number of rows by the number of columns to obtain the total number of cells. Most modules have no need to do this, but it is occasionally done e.g. when calculating statistics or storing the data in a temporary file.

The number of rows and columns can reasonably be assumed to fit into a signed 32-bit integer, but their product cannot.

Even on a system with a 64-bit long[1], multiplying 2 ints will produce an int result, and assigning the result to a long variable doesn't change that. E.g.

int nrows = Rast_window_rows();
int ncols = Rast_window_cols();
long ncells = nrows * ncols;

will truncate the result of the multiplication to an int (which is 32 bits on all mainstream platforms) then expand the truncated value to 64 bits in the assignment. To perform the multiplication using long, one of the arguments must be converted, e.g.:

long ncells = (long) nrows * ncols;

[1] This doesn't include 64-bit versions of Windows, where long is only 32 bits for compatibility reasons.

The issue isn't strictly related to LFS; due to compression, it's possible for a raster with more than 2³¹ cells to take up less than 2 GiB on disk. LFS just makes the issue more likely to arise in practice.

References

• ​LFS support in Linux
• ​Adding Large File Support to the Single UNIX® Specification
• ​Large Files in Solaris: A White Paper